Criminal Justice in America

Criminal Justice in America
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[date of submission] Criminal Justice in America
Chapter 3. List the eight general categories of Criminology Theory used to explain crime? Discus the theories connected to each one.
Classical: free will theories, hedonistic calculus, rational choice theory, routine activities theory
Biological: phrenology, atavism, criminal families, somatotypes
Psychobiological: chromosome theory, biochemical approaches, heredity
Psychological: behavioral conditioning, psychoanalysis, psychopathology
Sociological: social disorganization, anomie, subcultures, focal concerns, subculture of violence
Social process: differential association, social learning, containment, social control, neutralization, labeling, social development theory, life course perspective
Conflict: radical criminology, peacemaking criminology
Emergent: feminist criminology, constitutive criminology, postmodern criminology
Explain what happened in each of the case studies.
1) Durham v. U.S: led to a rule (called the Durham rule) that was used to gauge insanity. The rule states that person is not criminally responsible for his or her behavior if the person’s illegal actions were the result of some mental disease or defect.
2) U.S. v. Felix: clarified the Double Jeopardy Clause of the US Constitution and expanded it so that it “only prevents duplicative prosecution for the same offense” but that “ a substantive offense and a conspiracy to commit that offense are not the same offense for double jeopardy purposes.”
3) Ford v. Wainwright: US Supreme court issued a decision which specified that prisoners who become insane while incarcerated cannot be executed.
Critical Thinking Exercise
The convenience brought about by computers and the internet has led to the development of high tech crimes, also known as cyber crimes. For most people, cyber crimes refer to identity theft but the Federal Bureau of Investigation includes “cyber-based terrorism, computer intrusions, online sexual exploitation, and major cyber fraud” ADDIN Mendeley Citation{003afd31-bd56-4504-bae5-4aec47140a53} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "URL" : "/about-us/investigate/cyber/cyber", "accessed" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "10", "18" ] ] }, "author" : [ { "family" : "FBI", "given" : "" } ], "container-title" : "FBI", "id" : "ITEM-1", "title" : "Cyber Crime", "type" : "webpage" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=003afd31-bd56-4504-bae5-4aec47140a53" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(FBI, n d)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (FBI, n d) in the list. The 2011 Norton Cybercrime Report gives us an idea of the gravity of the situation. The report shows that at least 44% of individuals are victims of cybercrimes – that&r...