Measure of association for the cohort study

answer the following questions in a 3-page paper: 1. A doctoral student is conducting a non-concurrent cohort study on the risk factors of a chronic disease. Tables 1 and 2 provide a summary of data that was collected on the 19,753 patients. Table 1 present the results of three Factors (A17, B24, C32)—note that these are just variable names—and they could represent variables such as age, race, sex, etc. Table two presents results by smoking level. Table 3 provides a summary of the multivariate analysis of the three variables and—in this case since the outcome is dichotomous (i.e. either you have the disease or you don't) we can use logistic regression model to study mulitple factors (such as A17 and different smoking levels) on the outcome and come up with adjusted Odds Ratios. Table 1 Risk Factor Present Risk Factor Absent Factor Total Patients with Chronic Disease Total Patients with Chronic Disease Factor A17 2785 26 16968 170 Factor B24 2009 32 17744 164 Factor C32 641 13 19112 183 Table 2 Total Patients Number of Patients with Chronic Disease Smoking None 1–10 cigarettes/day 11–20 cigarettes/day 21–30 cigarettes/day >30 cigarettes/day 5030 6061 4572 2999 1091 15 21 43 56 61 Table 3 Multivariate Analysis Factor Adjusted OR 95% CI Factor A17 0.86 0.55–1.29 Factor B24 1.50 0.97–2.27 Factor C32 1.98 1.03–3.50 A. Which measure of association would you use for this study? Why? B. Using bivariate analysis, calculate the measure of association between the chronic disease and the following theoretical risk factors: A17, B24, C32, and smoking (at the different exposure levels). Provide 95% confidence intervals. C. In narrative form, provide a description of the results for the bivariate and multivariate analysis. D. Provide discussion and interpretation of the results from the bivariate and multivariate analysis. For the multivariate analysis explain why Odds Ratios are being used with Cohort data. 2. A second doctoral student is conducting a case control study on risk factors for an infectious disease and has collected the data below. Using bivariate analysis, calculate the measure of association between the disease and risk factor studied for each level of exposure. Provide 95% confidence intervals. Provide an interpretation of the results. Factor BF Case (n=186) Control (n=277) Not Received Brand Y Brand X—50 mg Brand X—100 mg Brand X—200 mg 15 11 28 46 86 78 35 70 50 44 *If you do not have access to a statistical software package such as SPSS, the following are online calculators that can be used for this assignment: 1) Odds Ratio Calculator, 2) Relative Risk Calculator or An optional calculator is available at http://statpages(dot)org/ctab2x2.html A Brief Introduction to Epidemiology - III (Basic Statistics & Common Epidemiologic Measures). Super Course. Retrieved July 3, 2013, at: http://www(dot)pitt(dot)edu/~super1ecture/lec0891/index.htm Spitalnic S (2006). Risk Assessment II: Odds Ratio. Hospital Physician, 2006 Jan: 23-26. Retrieved May 28, 2012, at: http://www(dot)turner-white(dot)com/memberfile.php?PubCode=hp_jan06_odds.pdf Tripepi, G, Jager, KJ, Dekker, FW, Wanner, C, Zoccali, C (2007). Measures of effect: Relative risks, odds ratios, risk difference, and 'number needed to treat'. Kidney International, 72(7), 789-91. Retrieved May 28, 2012, at: ProQuest Medical Library database. (Document ID: 1338652401). Logistic Regression - Overview Retrieved May 28, 2012, at: http://www(dot)ucdmc(dot)ucdavis(dot)edu/ome/mcrtp/docs/biostatIV.ppt Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes Louise-Anne McNutt1, Chuntao Wu1, Xiaonan Xue2 and Jean Paul Hafner3 Am. J. Epidemiol. (2003) 157 (10): 940-943. Retrieved May 28, 2012, at: http://aje(dot)oxfordjournals(dot)org/content/157/10/940.full Additional Reading Croen, L, Grether, J.K., Selvin, S. (2002). Descriptive Epidemiology of Autism in a California Population: Who is at Risk? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(3). Retrieved May 28, 2012, at ProQuest Haselkorn, T, Bernstein, L, Preston-Martin, S, Cozen, W. Mack, W.J. (2000). Descriptive Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer in Los Angeles County, 1972-1995. Cancer Causes and Control, 11(2). Retrieved May 28, 2012, at ProQuest.