Developmental Symbiosis

Development exam 3: Development biology
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DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY

Environmental Errors: gene-mediated errors, and environmentally induced errors
One of the most important aspects in errors in development occurs through transgenic animals, which are genetically modified to have foreign genomes, and they then have different characteristics from the non-genetically modified. For instance cows can have foreign gene in order to produce more milk, but with less cholesterol. The Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, embryonic stem-mediated transfer and DNA microinjection are the main forms of gene-mediated errors in animals. One of the applications of transgenesis is transferring genes to sheep and goats allowing their mammary glands to act as bioreactors for producing pharmaceutical proteins.
Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediate Gene transfer is a form of transgenesis, whereby stem cells are identified, isolated and then incorporated into the embryo of the host (Hoffman, n.d.). On the other hand, the Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer occurs when there is transfer of retrovirsuses that carry genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA. The resulting organism is a chimera, which has tissues or parts with different genetic elements. The transfer of DNA into cells without carriers is DNA microinjection, and this is especially for large cells, with injection into muscles, tissues as well as the blood (Hoffman, n.d.). Even as the DNA gets incorporated into the genome of a host, there is a risk that the desired traits may not be achieved.
Even though, many animal species have different morphometric shapes, there is no agreement on the impact of environmental induced errors in the development of these shapes. The environment induces change through controlling the growth and development of animals including differentiation. For instance, the development of the Aedes aegypti mosquito varies depending on the environment from the role of temperature, intraspecific competition to resource availability (Couret & Benedict, 2014). The link between temperature and growth is of interest to biologists who seek to understand, and in particular the development of insects which is affected by environmental temperature. In any case, it is easier to understand the use of insects as model species since it is convenient and not costly (Couret & Benedict, 2014).
Developmental Symbiosis
Symbiotic associations need to maintain these partnerships for successive generations in order to be successful. In most cases, the associations result in a symbiont becoming intimately associated with the host (Gilbert, 2013). The most common scenario of development symbiosis is that of a bacteria symbiont and the metazoans host (Gilbert, 2013). The process of symbiosis can occur through the external transfer, whereby a host is ...