Introduction to Probability Theory and Heath Statistics
Part 1 (approximately 1–1.5 pages, total): Copy and paste the following examples (A–F below) , then respond by classifying each of the following variables as either: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Provide a brief explanation where indicated. A researcher studying lifespan categorizes individuals into single, married, divorced, or widowed. What type of variable measurement is this? A cognitive scientist places her subjects into categories based on how anxious they tell her that they are feeling: “not anxious”, “mildly anxious”, “moderately anxious” and “severely anxious”, and she uses the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 to label categories where lower numbers indicate less anxiety. What type of variable measurement is this? Are the categories mutually exclusive? A Physician diagnoses the presence or absence of disease (i.e. yes or no). What type of variable measurement is this? A person weighing 200 lbs. is considered to be twice as heavy as a person weighing 100 lbs. In this case, what type of measurement is body weight? A nurse takes measurements of body temperature on patients and reports them in units of degrees Farenheit as part of a study. What type of variable measurement is this? Patients rate their experience in the emergency room on a five point scale from poor to excellent ( 1 = very poor, 2 = not very good, 3 = neither good nor bad, 4 = quite good, and 5 = excellent). What type of variable measurement is this? Is the difference between a 1 and a 2 necessarily the same as the difference between a 3 and a 4? Explain briefly. Part 2: Statistics (1/2 page) Given what you’ve learned in this module about the meaning of “statistics”, choose one of the examples from Part I (A-F), and raise a relevant question of your own that could be answered by a statistician. Then without answering your own question, explain how a pattern could be studied or a useful prediction made based on data that are to be collected. Part 3: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data (approximately 1–1.5 pages) A health scientist wishes to measure how well participants diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder are coping. Explain how a variable such as coping could be measured quantitatively or qualitatively.
Introduction to Probability Theory and Heath Statistics
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PART A
Provide a brief explanation where indicated./> A researcher studying lifespan categorizes individuals into single, married, divorced, or widowed. What type of variable measurement is this?
This is a nominal scale of measurement on the marital status of people categorized into groups (Munro, 2005). This is because the data is non-overlapping as is the case of nominal scales where there is mutual exclusivity. All the observations on marital status fall into any of the categories, and all the observations in each category must be the same with other observations in the same category. Furthermore, no ranking or order can be associated with data on the categories.
A cognitive scientist places her subjects into categories based on how anxious they tell her that they are feeling: “not anxious”, “mildly anxious”, “moderately anxious” and “severely anxious”, and she uses the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 to label categories where lower numbers indicate less anxiety. What type of variable measurement is this? Are the categories mutually exclusive? -
This is an ordinal level of measurement as the numbers give an order to the level of anxiety experienced by the participants (Munro, 2005). The four categories are all inclusive and mutually exclusive. As one moves from 0 to 4, the level of anxiety increases, and hence, the variables are ordered, but the difference between two categories is not constant. In other words, there is an explicit relationship among the categories from feeling’ “not anxious” to “severely anxious”
A Physician diagnoses the presence or absence of disease (i.e. yes or no). What type of variable measurement is this?-
This is a nominal level variable that is dichotomous, as the variables are classified based on whether one has a disease or not. The cases ar...
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