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5 pages/β‰ˆ1375 words
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Engineering
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English (U.S.)
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History of Architecture

Essay Instructions:

History of Architecture from Antiquity to the Present
Write essays of 1250-1500 words on one of the following questions. You should submit formal essays, with introductory thesis statements, supporting arguments, and conclusions. You are not required to conduct independent research for these essays, but if you do, you must provide citations and bibliographic references. Remember -- you must document any sources you consult for information beyond class lectures and readings. Please include images to illustrate your points, and be sure to give the sources for these as well.
1. Site visit: Frank Lloyd Wright in New York. Visit and compare the Frank Lloyd Wright room at the Metropolitan Museum (the Little House, in the American Wing) and Wright’s Guggenheim Museum. Describe the general features of each space, and compare the continuities and differences you perceive in them. Discuss the place of these works within the course of architectural developments we have studied.
2. Site visit: Tall buildings. Visit and compare the Bayard-Condict Building (Louis Sullivan, 1898); the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1958); and the Hearst Tower (Norman Foster, 2006). How does each handle issues of structure, function, and urbanism? How does each represent its historical period of architectural development?
4. Discuss and compare the interaction of nationalism and building style in three (3) buildings or periods. What is the role of innovation and/or appropriation in the representation of national identity and political ideology?
5. Visit the exhibition, Fairy Tale Architecture, at the Center for Architecture, 536 Laguardia Place, and write an essay about one of the projects shown there. Consider how the architects adapt or interpret their fairy tale through forms, materials, and/or space in their work. Research the firm or architect proposing your project, and explain how it relates to other examples or approaches taken in their work. If you choose an example by Bernheimer Architecture, the curators of the exhibition, then compare it with another of their projects on view in the exhibition.
6. Discuss and compare the use of history and historic architectural elements in three (3) periods or buildings studied since the midterm exam. How do interpretations of history influence architectural design? How can we read new historical conceptions in the handling of architectural elements?
7. Field Trip Thursday December 15, 9:30 am: Attend the (optional) class field trip, and either: (1) lead in-depth discussion of one building; or (2) write an essay comparing two buildings seen on the trip. In either case, you should conduct research about the history and architecture of the building, and provide a bibliography of your research sources. You need not attend the entire field trip, and you can arrive late or leave early, as your schedule permits. Students wishing to pursue option (1) should meet with me in advance.
Itinerary:
1. Trinity Church, Richard Upjohn [1846]
2. Equitable Building, 120 Broadway, Ernest Graham of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White [1915]
3. American Surety Company (now Bank of Tokyo), 100 Broadway, Bruce Price [1895]
4. Irving Trust Company (now One Wall Street, formerly Irving Trust Company), 1 Wall Street, Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker [1931]
5. Federal Hall National Monument, 28 Wall Street, Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis (interior by John Frazee and Samuel Thompson) [1833-42]
6. New York Stock Exchange, 8 Broad Street, George B. Post [1903]
7. Merchants' Exchange (now Citibank), 55 Wall Street, Isaiah Rogers [three stories, 1836-42], McKim, Mead and White [addition, 1907]
8. 60 Wall Street, Dinkeloo and Roche, [1989]
9. Chase Manhattan Plaza, One Chase Manhattan Plaza, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill [1960]
10. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 33 Liberty Street, York and Sawyer (ironwork by Samuel Yellin) [1935]

Essay Sample Content Preview:
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December 20, 2022
History of Architecture
As people evolved and learned new skills and materials, they were able to build far more durable structures, which is where the history of architecture began. The development of newly constructed buildings becomes uncontrollable. As the ages passed, the simple shapes of prehistoric dwellings grew considerably more ornate and complicated as Roman and Greek architects used marble to make far more durable and sturdy structures. Due to the industrial revolution, it is now possible to build incredibly tall skyscrapers. This new architectural style is also being explored, much like the modernism and postmodernism currently prevalent and in use. Moreover, the most ardent supporters of architecture in this kind of era have come to light; they have developed fresh trends in the industry that have had a significant impact on architecture's design and fashion. This article compares three renowned architects' works based on their urbanism, structure, and functionality.
Based on the design and construction of their structures, the works of Louis Sullivan (Bayard-Condict Building, 1898), Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (Seagram Building, 1958), and Norman Foster (Hearst Tower, 2006) will be compared. The invention of the elevator, which offers a quicker way to move from floor to floor quickly without using the stairs all the time, marks the beginning of modernism in architecture. This technology enables buildings to be as tall as possible without worrying about accessing every floor in that particular building. With the help of these innovations, modernist architects are no longer constrained in the number of levels they may design using steel and concrete-based industrial innovation.
Famous Works
Louis Sullivan (Bayard-Condict Building, 1898)
Starting with Louis Sullivan, credited as the architect who made the age of skyscrapers possible, introduced the base, shaft, and top-story construction style, which is what the Bayard-Condict Building and most of his buildings are made out of. Louis Sullivan is well-known in the area of architecture for the adage that "form always follows function," which states that "architecture is all about the people who are going to use a given structure." During the creation of the Bayard-Condict Building, the influence of baroque architecture is known for its creative and beautiful facade, Louis Sullivan incorporated this style in his works at the Bayard-Condict Building, and it is seen on the top floor of the building, which is covered which cornices and sculpture of people and other organic material. The top floor of the Bayard-Condict Building is reminiscent of Greek and Roman structures for the columns used in the arch windows. The building style is still not as "modern" as we might consider these days. However, the achievement of Louis Sullivan during those days is considered to be groundbreaking in the field of architecture as it created new possibilities and Ideas on how buildings should be built and designed.
The building structure is straightforward as the most efficient use of space is by building rectangular or square. Also, it is early in modernism, so the building does not have many windows as mo...
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