High Blood Pressure: Developing an Implementation Plan

High Blood Pressure: Developing an Implementation Plan
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Evidence from studies published by authors such as Annesi (2012) and Venkataraman et al., (2013) reveals that hypertension is not only a problem to countries in epidemiologic and socioeconomic transition but also reveals that smoking and alcohol consumption is a risk factor for hypertension. For instance, Venkataraman et al., (2013) cites that more than seven million deaths result from hypertension. Similarly, Annesi (2012) reveals that hypertension is a problem to transitioning countries because the prevalence rate for Canada, Australia, England, and America was 37 percent in 2000. The same prevalence is forecasted to reach 47 percent by the year 2025. It is critical that the prevalence rate for hypertension is higher among people aged forty-five years and above Venkataraman et al., (2013). Razvodovsky (2013), who mentions that hypertension is responsible for thirteen percent of the global deaths, further aggravates the gravity of the problem caused by hypertension.
According to Son (2011), there is a close relationship between hypertension and alcohol consumption. As evidence, heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypertension while reducing alcohol consumption among heavy drinkers lowers the diastolic and systolic blood pressure (Son, 2011). It is also notable that the relationship between alcohol consumption and high blood pressure is unclear. As evidence some studies suggests that low to moderate alcohol consumption has an insignificant effect on blood pressure while others suggest that low to moderate consumption of alcohol reduces blood pressure (Skliros eta l., 2009). Further, other studies reveal that the effect of alcohol consumption on hypertension varies with age, while others argue that alcohol consumption increases the risk of hypertension regardless of age (Son, 2011). Therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of alcohol on blood pressure while controlling for age.
There is no doubt that smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases because the healthcare profession holds a similar opinion. However, tobacco smoking is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular diseases but its effect on hypertension is still paradoxical (Thuy et al., 2009). As evidence, the author cites that smoking is associated with arterial stiffness and chronic low-grade inflammation, which are directly associated with high blood pressure. Additionally, experiments on human subjects have shown that smoking is known to increase blood pressure. However, different studies indicate that the smoking cessation lowers norepinephrine concentration and blood pressure among smokers (Thuy et al., 2009). The author proceeds to assert that some studies established that smoking has a negative relationship with high blood pressure. It is evident that both smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption could be risk factors for hypertension. However, the statement should be investigated because different studies have different results.
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